References

  1. Waters VL: Conjugation between bacterial and mammalian cells.

    Nat Genet 2001, 29:375-376. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  2. Gosden CM, Liloglou T, Nunn J, Gardener D, Nickson P, Crampton JM, Field JK: The Knights of the Round Table hypothesis of tumour suppressor gene function – noble sacrifice or sexual dalliance: Genes, including p53, BRCA1/2 and RB have evolved by horizontal and vertical transmission of mating factor genes and are involved in gametogenesis, implantation, development and tumourigenesis.

    Int J Oncol 1998, 12:5-35. PubMed Abstract OpenURL

  3. Howell MJ: Gene exchange between hosts and parasites.

    Int J Parasitol 1985, 15:597-600. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  4. Fraser CM, Casjens S, Huang WM, Sutton GG, Clayton R, Lathigra R, White O, Ketchum KA, Dodson R, Hickey EK, Gwinn M, Dougherty B, Tomb JF, Fleischmann RD, Richardson D, Peterson J, Kerlavage AR, Quackenbush J, Salzberg S, Hanson M, van Vugt R, Palmer N, Adams MD, Gocayne J, Venter JC, et al.: Genomic sequence of a Lyme disease spirochaete, Borrelia burgdorferi.

    Nature 1997, 390:580-586. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  5. Fritzsche M: Are cannabinoid receptor knockout mice animal models for schizophrenia?

    Med Hypotheses 2001, 56:638-643. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  6. Fritzsche M: Lateral gene transfer – the missing link between cannabis psychosis and schizophrenia.

    Am J Med Gen 2002, 114:512-515. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  7. Conne B, Stutz A, Vassalli JD: The 3' untranslated region of messenger RNA: A molecular 'hotspot' for pathology?

    Nat Med 2000, 6:637-641. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  8. Dean B, Sundram S, Bradbury R, Scarr E, Copolov D: Studies on [3H]CP-55940 binding in the human central nervous system: regional specific changes in density of cannabinoid-1 receptors associated with schizophrenia and cannabis use.

    Neuroscience 2000, 103:1009-1015. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  9. Glass M, Dragunow M, Faull RL: Cannabinoid receptors in the human brain: a detailed anatomical and quantitative autoradiographic study in the fetal, neonatal and adult human brain.

    Neuroscience 1997, 77:299-318. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  10. Schultz SK, Andreasen NC: Schizophrenia.

    Lancet 1999, 353:1425-1430. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  11. Silbersweig DA, Stern E, Frith C, Cahill C, Holmes A, Grootoonk S, Seaward J, McKenna P, Chua SE, Schnorr L, et al.: A functional neuroanatomy of hallucinations in schizophrenia.

    Nature 1995, 378:176-179. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  12. Kraepelin E: Psychiatrie, Ein Lehrbuch für Studierende und Aerzte.

    Dementia praecox. Leipzig, Barth 1899 (Edited by: Barclay RM). Scotland, Livingston 1919. OpenURL

  13. Bleuler E: Handbuch der Psychiatrie. Dementia praecox oder Gruppe der Schizophrenien.

    Leipzig, Deuticke 1911 (Edited by: Zukin J). New York, International Universities Press 1950. OpenURL

  14. Tramer M: Ueber die biologische Bedeutung des Geburtsmonates, insbesondere für die Psychoseerkrankung.

    Schweiz Arch Neurol Psychiatrie 1929, 24:17-24. OpenURL

  15. Lang T: Zur Frage: Geisteskrankheit und Geburtsmonat.

    Arch Rassen-Gesellschaftsbiologie 1931, 25:42-57. OpenURL

  16. Torrey EF, Miller J, Rawlings R, Yolken RH: Seasonality of births in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a review of the literature.

    Schizophr Res 1997, 28:1-38. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  17. Schlesinger PA, Duray PH, Burke BA, Steere AC, Stillman MT: Maternal-fetal transmission of the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi.

    Ann Intern Me 1985, 103:67-68. OpenURL

  18. Silver RM, Yang L, Daynes RA, Branch DW, Salafia CM, Weis JJ: Fetal outcome in murine Lyme disease.

    Infect Immun 1995, 63:66-72. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text OpenURL

  19. Sonenshine DE: Biology of Ticks.

    New York, Oxford University Press 1989. OpenURL

  20. Torrey EF, Torrey BB, Peterson MR: Seasonality of schizophrenic births in the United States.

    Arch Gen Psychiatry 1977, 34:1065-1070. PubMed Abstract OpenURL

  21. Korenberg EI: Seasonal population dynamics of ixodes ticks and tick-borne encephalitis virus.

    Exp Appl Acarol 2000, 24:665-681. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  22. Shimura M, Nakamura I, Miura T: Season of birth of schizophrenics in Tokyo, Japan.

    Acta Psychiatr Scand 1977, 55:225-232. PubMed Abstract OpenURL

  23. O'Hare A, Walsh D, Torrey F: Seasonality of schizophrenic births in Ireland.

    Br J Psychiatry 1980, 137:74-77. PubMed Abstract OpenURL

  24. Suvisaari JM, Haukka JK, Lonnqvist JK: Season of birth among patients with schizophrenia and their siblings: evidence for the procreational habits hypothesis.

    Am J Psychiatry 2001, 158:754-757. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  25. Videbech T, Weeke A, Dupont A: Endogenous psychoses and season of birth.

    Acta Psychiatr Scand 1974, 50:202-218. PubMed Abstract OpenURL

  26. Bjornstad ON, Grenfell BT: Noisy clockwork: time series analysis of population fluctuations in animals.

    Science 2001, 293:638-643. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  27. Talleklint L, Jaenson TG: Seasonal variations in density of questing Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) nymphs and prevalence of infection with B. burgdorferi s.l. in south central Sweden.

    J Med Entomol 1996, 33:592-597. PubMed Abstract OpenURL

  28. Fritzsche M, Schmidli J: Seasonal fluctuation in schizophrenia.

    Am J Psychiatry 2002, 159:499-500. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  29. Beaglehole R, Bonita R, Kiellström T: Basic Epidemiology.

    Geneva, World Health Organization Press 1993. OpenURL

  30. Steere AC: Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme Disease, Lyme Borreliosis).

    In: Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases (Edited by: GL Mandell, JE Bennett, R Dolin). Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia 2000, 2504-2518. OpenURL

  31. Parola P, Raoult D: Ticks and tickborne bacterial diseases in humans: an emerging infectious threat.

    Clin Infect Dis 2001, 32:897-928. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  32. Spielman A: The emergence of Lyme disease and human babesiosis in a changing environment.

    Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994, 740:146-156. PubMed Abstract OpenURL

  33. Torrey EF, Bowler A: Geographical distribution of insanity in America: evidence for an urban factor.

    Schizophr Bull 1990, 16:591-604. PubMed Abstract OpenURL

  34. Brown JS Jr: Geographic correlation of schizophrenia to ticks and tick-borne encephalitis.

    Schizophr Bull 1994, 20:755-775. PubMed Abstract OpenURL

  35. Barbour AG, Fish D: The biological and social phenomenon of Lyme disease.

    Science 1993, 260:1610-1616. PubMed Abstract OpenURL

  36. Dennis DT, Nekomoto TS, Victor JC, Paul WS, Piesman J: Reported distribution of Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) in the United States.

    J Med Entomol 1998, 35:629-638. PubMed Abstract OpenURL

  37. Piesman J, Clark KL, Dolan MC, Happ CM, Burkot TR: Geographic survey of vector ticks (Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus) for infection with the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi.

    J Vector Ecol 1999, 24:91-98. PubMed Abstract OpenURL

  38. Sartorius N, Jablensky A, Korten A, Ernberg G, Anker M, Cooper JE, Day R: Early manifestations and first-contact incidence of schizophrenia in different cultures. A preliminary report on the initial evaluation phase of the WHO Collaborative Study on determinants of outcome of severe mental disorders.

    Psychol Med 1986, 16:909-928. PubMed Abstract OpenURL

  39. McGrath JJ, Welham JL: Season of birth and schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of data from the Southern Hemisphere.

    Schizophr Res 1999, 35:237-242. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  40. Goh CL, Kamarudin A, Khatija M: Lyme disease is not prevalent in patients presenting with annular erythema in Singapore.

    Singapore Med J 1996, 37:250-251. PubMed Abstract OpenURL

  41. Parker G, Mahendran R, Koh ES, Machin D: Season of birth in schizophrenia: no latitude at the equator.

    Br J Psychiatry 2000, 176:68-71. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  42. Olsen B, Duffy DC, Jaenson TG, Gylfe A, Bonnedahl J, Bergstrom S: Transhemispheric exchange of Lyme disease spirochetes by seabirds.

    J Clin Microbiol 1995, 33:3270-3274. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text OpenURL

  43. Hudson BJ, Stewart M, Lennox VA, Fukunaga M, Yabuki M, Macorison H, Kitchener-Smith J: Culture-positive Lyme borreliosis.

    Med J Aust 1998, 168:500-502. PubMed Abstract OpenURL

  44. Russell RC, Doggett SL, Munro R, Ellis J, Avery D, Hunt C, Dickeson D: Lyme disease: a search for a causative agent in ticks in south-eastern Australia.

    Epidemiol Infect 1994, 112:375-384. PubMed Abstract OpenURL

  45. Piesman J, Stone BF: Vector competence of the Australian paralysis tick, Ixodes holocyclus, for the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi.

    Int J Parasit 1991, 21:109-111. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  46. Goldstein G, Hall W, Andrews G: The incidence of schizophrenia in New South Wales, Australia. A psychiatric register study.

    Acta Psychiatr Scand 1984, 70:220-227. PubMed Abstract OpenURL

  47. Dohan FC, Harper EH, Clark MH, Rodrigue R, Zigas V: Where is schizophrenia rare?

    Lancet 1983, 2:101. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  48. Burkot TR, Schriefer ME, Larsen SA: Cross-reactivity to Borrelia burgdorferi proteins in serum samples from residents of a tropical country nonendemic for Lyme disease.

    J Infect Dis 1997, 175:466-469. PubMed Abstract OpenURL

  49. Fritzsche M, Gottstein B, Wigglesworth MC, Eckert J: Serological survey of human cysticercosis in Irianese refugee camps in Papua New Guinea.

    Acta Trop 1990, 47:69-77. PubMed Abstract OpenURL

  50. Torrey EF, Torrey BB, Burton-Bradley BG: The epidemiology of schizophrenia in Papua New Guinea.

    Am J Psychiatry 1974, 131:567-573. PubMed Abstract OpenURL

  51. Ishiguro F, Takada N, Masuzawa T, Fukui T: Prevalence of Lyme disease Borrelia spp. in ticks from migratory birds on the Japanese mainland.

    Appl Environ Microbiol 2000, 66:982-986. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text OpenURL

  52. Wang J, Masuzawa T, Yanagihara Y: Characterization of Borrelia garinii isolated from Lyme disease patients in Hokkaido, Japan, by sequence analysis of OspA and OspB genes.

    FEMS Microbiol Lett 1997, 154:371-375. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  53. Nakao M, Miyamoto K: Susceptibility of Ixodes persulcatus and I. ovatus (Acari: Ixodidae) to Lyme disease spirochetes isolated from humans in Japan.

    J Med Entomol 1994, 31:467-473. PubMed Abstract OpenURL

  54. Isogai E, Isogai H, Masuzawa T, Postic D, Baranton G, Kamewaka Y, Kimura K, Nishikawa T, Fuji N, Ishii N, Ohno S, Yamaguti N: Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in an endemic environment: wild sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) with infected ticks and antibodies.

    Microbiol Immunol 1996, 40:13-19. PubMed Abstract OpenURL

  55. Matuschka FR, Heiler M, Eiffert H, Fischer P, Lotter H, Spielman A: Diversionary role of hoofed game in the transmission of Lyme disease spirochetes.

    Am J Trop Med Hyg 1993, 48:693-699. PubMed Abstract OpenURL

  56. Gern L, Rouvinez E, Toutoungi LN, Godfroid E: Transmission cycles of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato involving Ixodes ricinus and/or I. hexagonus ticks and the European hedgehog, Erinaceus europaeus, in suburban and urban areas in Switzerland.

    Folia Parasitol 1997, 44:309-314. PubMed Abstract OpenURL

  57. Torrey FE, Yolken RH: Familial and genetic mechanisms in schizophrenia.

    Brain Res Brain Res Rev 2000, 31:113-117. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  58. Turner B: Chromatin and Gene Regulation. Mechanisms in Epigenetics.

    Oxford, Blackwell 2001. OpenURL

  59. Herlenius E, Lagercrantz H: Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators during early human development.

    Early Hum Dev 2001, 65:21-37. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  60. Leroy S, Griffon N, Bourdel MC, Olie JP, Poirier MF, Krebs MO: Schizophrenia and the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1): Association study using a single-base polymorphism in coding exon 1.

    Am J Med Genet 2001, 105:749-752. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  61. Ujike H, Takaki M, Nakata K, Tanaka Y, Takeda T, Kodama M, Fujiwara Y, Sakai A, Kuroda S: CNR1, central cannabinoid receptor gene, associated with susceptibility to hebephrenic schizophrenia.

    Mol Psychiatry 2002, 7:515-518. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  62. Paria BC, Song H, Wang X, Schmid PC, Krebsbach RJ, Schmid HH, Bonner TI, Zimmer A, Dey SK: Dysregulated cannabinoid signaling disrupts uterine receptivity for embryo implantation.

    J Biol Chem 2001, 276:20523-20528. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  63. van den Elsen PJ, Gobin SJ, van der Stoep N, Datema G, Vietor HE: Transcriptional control of MHC genes in fetal trophoblast cells.

    J Reprod Immunol 2001, 52:129-145. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  64. Ashkar AA, Croy BA: Interferon-gamma contributes to the normalcy of murine pregnancy.

    Biol Reprod 1999, 61:493-502. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  65. Anguita J, Thomas V, Samanta S, Persinski R, Hernanz C, Barthold SW, Fikrig E: Borrelia burgdorferi-induced inflammation facilitates spirochete adaptation and variable major protein-like sequence locus recombination.

    J Immunol 2001, 167:3383-3390. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  66. Fallon BA, Nields JA: Lyme disease: a neuropsychiatric illness.

    Am J Psychiatry 1994, 151:1571-1583. PubMed Abstract OpenURL

  67. Roelcke U, Barnett W, Wilder-Smith W, Sigmund D, Hacke W: Untreated neuroborreliosis: Bannwarth's syndrome evolving into acute schizophrenia-like psychosis. A case report.

    J Neurol 1992, 239:129-131. PubMed Abstract OpenURL

  68. Pfister HW, Preac-Mursic V, Wilske B, Rieder G, Forderreuther S, Schmidt S, Kapfhammer HP: Catatonic syndrome in acute severe encephalitis due to Borrelia burgdorferi infection.

    Neurology 1993, 43:433-435. PubMed Abstract OpenURL

  69. Hess A, Buchmann J, Zettl UK, Henschel S, Schlaefke D, Grau G, Benecke R: Borrelia burgdorferi central nervous system infection presenting as an organic schizophrenialike disorder.

    Biol Psychiatry 1999, 45:795. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  70. Zimmer A, Zimmer AM, Hohmann AG, Herkenham M, Bonner TI: Increased mortality, hypoactivity, and hypoalgesia in cannabinoid CB1 receptor knockout mice.

    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999, 96:5780-5785. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text OpenURL

  71. Hajek T, Paskova B, Janovska D, Bahbouh R, Hajek P, Libiger J, Hoschl C: Higher prevalence of antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in psychiatric patients than in healthy subjects.

    Am J Psychiatry 2002, 159:297-301. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  72. Griffiths TD, Sigmundsson T, Takei N, Rowe D, Murray RM: Neurological abnormalities in familial and sporadic schizophrenia.

    Brain 1998, 121:191-203. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  73. DeLisi LE: Critical overview of current approaches to genetic mechanisms in schizophrenia research.

    Brain Res Brain Res Rev 2000, 31:187-92. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  74. DeLisi LE, Mesen A, Rodriguez C, Bertheu A, LaPrade B, Llach M, Riondet S, Razi K, Relja M, Byerley W, Sherrington R: Genome-wide scan for linkage to schizophrenia in a Spanish-origin cohort from Costa Rica.

    Am J Med Genet 2002, 114:497-508. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  75. Petronis A, Gottesman II, Crow TJ, DeLisi LE, Klar AJ, Macciardi F, McInnis MG, McMahon FJ, Paterson AD, Skuse D, Sutherland GR: Psychiatric epigenetics: a new focus for the new century.

    Mol Psychiatry 2000, 5:342-346. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL