Table 8

Associations between area-level violent crime and adverse birth outcomes among non-Hispanic black women*

Preterm birth (<37 weeks gestation & <3888 g)

Low birth weight (<2500 g)

Not adjusted

Individual covariates

Area-level covariates

Fully adjusted

Not adjusted

Individual covariates

Area-level covariates

Fully adjusted

Block group violent crime count

Low (0 – 12)

Referent

Referent

Referent

Referent

Referent

Referent

Referent

Referent

Med (13 – 50)

1.8 (1.3, 2.5)

1.8 (1.3, 2.5)

1.7 (1.2, 2.4)

1.7 (1.2, 2.4)

1.6 (1.1, 2.3)

1.7 (1.2, 2.4)

1.6 (1.1, 2.3)

1.6 (1.1, 2.4)

High (52 – 378)

1.6 (1.2, 2.3)

1.5 (1.1, 2.1)

1.3 (0.9, 1.9)

1.2 (0.9, 1.8)

1.6 (1.2, 2.2)

1.4 (1.0, 2.0)

1.3 (0.9, 1.9)

1.2 (0.8, 1.7)

Block group violent crime rate (count/population * 1000)

Low (0 – 5.7)

Referent

Referent

Referent

Referent

Referent

Referent

Referent

Referent

Medium (6.1–16.3)

1.6 (1.2, 2.0)

1.5 (1.2, 2.0)

1.4 (1.0, 1.8)

1.3 (1.0, 1.8)

1.3 (1.0, 1.8)

1.3 (1.0, 1.8)

1.2 (0.9, 1.7)

1.2 (0.9, 1.7)

High (<204.7)

1.5 (1.1, 1.9)

1.3 (1.0, 1.8)

1.2 (0.9, 1.7)

1.1 (0.8, 1.6)

1.5 (1.2, 2.0)

1.3 (1.0, 1.8)

1.3 (0.9, 1.8)

1.2 (0.8, 1.7)

* Unadjusted, individual (maternal age, education), neighborhood (area-level deprivation), and fully-adjusted (individual and area-level covarites) odds ratios [OR] (95% Confidence Intervals [95% CI]) of preterm birth and low birth weight for area-level violent crime count and violent crime rate among non-Hispanic black women living in Raleigh NC.

Messer et al. International Journal of Health Geographics 2006 5:22   doi:10.1186/1476-072X-5-22